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While many international organisations have independent evaluations, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Health organization (WHO), uniquely the World Bank in its 2015 World Development Report sought to ascertain the potential biases that influence how its staff interpret evidence and influence policy. Here, we describe the World Bank’s study design, including experiments ...
متن کاملDemand Creates Its Own Supply
As recent events attest, modern economies may have trouble enforcing Say’s Law. An economy with decentralized markets and trades between goods and a liquid asset, money, has two equilibria. In full-employment, output is determined by supply. But a higher demand for liquidity is self-fulfilling and precipitates the economy to an equilibrium where output is determined by demand: the increase of t...
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he Mainland Scandinavian languages, i.e. Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, are so closely related that the speakers often use their own language when communicating with each other (so-called semi-communication, Haugen 1966). However, communication is not perfect and sometimes fails. Previous investigations (Maurud 1976, Bø 1978, Börestam 1987, Delsing & Åkesson 2005) aimed at getting a general imp...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Index on Censorship
سال: 1994
ISSN: 0306-4220,1746-6067
DOI: 10.1177/030642209402300305